Reader-based coherence and its activated frames of February and March 2001 Reader’s Digest as shown by EFL students

Author : KUMALA, BETTY

To understand humorous texts, especially those which are written in a foreign language, is not a trivial matter for readers. Therefore, the writer is interested in conducting a research to analyze reader-based coherence on humorous texts. This research is intended to find out how many humorous texts in Reader’s Digest were considered coherent and funny by EFL readers, and what fields of knowledge they activated while reading those texts. The writer used a qualitative approach in the data collection and explained the analysis of the data descriptively. She used all the humorous texts in the Reader’s Digest in February and March 2001 editions as the source of data. After reading each joke, the respondents had to fill in a questionnaire. The data got from the result of the questionnaire were the data to be analyzed by the writer. The writer found that the respondents could perceive the coherence and the funniness of only 62% of all the humorous texts. This answers tfie writer’s previous assumption that jokes are not always easy to understand by EFL students. Furthermore, only the readers who can activate the relevant frames to the encountered texts can successfully arrive at the humorous interpretation of the texts. She also found that the field of knowledge in “social life” was mostly used by the respondents while they were reading the texts. This might due to the fact that most of the texts were telling about daily life. Therefore, EFL students should learn more about the social life of the target language to assist them in understanding their learning materials.

Keyword : humorous texts, coherence, reader’s digest, discourse analysis, english language

Sumber : http://repository.petra.ac.id/4824/

Syntactic structures in the six rap songs of “rage againts the machine”

Author : ZEINUAR, PUNGKI

This study is trying to analyze the types of syntactic structures on the lyrics of “Rage Against The Machine”, particularly on its structural patterns. The writer is trying to find out what types of syntactic structures are found and the most predominant type of syntactic structures in the six rap songs of “Rage Against The Machine”. The writer uses qualitative approach to analyze the six rap songs of “Rage Against The Machine”. To be able to analyze the rap songs, he applies the basic four types of syntactic structures based on Francis’s theory as the major theory supported by Saymour Chatman on inversion. The four types of syntactic structures, structure of modification, structure of predication, structure of complementation, and structure of coordination, are found in the six rap songs. There is not any inversion of word order applied in rap songs, except in the two lines of ‘Take the power back’, line 11 and 37. The writer also finds there are similarities between the lyrics and the poem in form and structure. Both of them have verses and the lines constitute a structural relation between/among the lines. Structurally related lines of “Rage Against the Machine” construct three types of bigger construction of syntactic structures, structure of modification, structure of predication, and structure of coordination. Finally he finds that structure of predication is the most predominant type of all that reaches more than 50%, followed by structure of modification, structure of complementation, and the least predominant is structure of coordination.

Keyword : english language, grammar, syntax, rap, song

An Analysis of slang used by the characters in Clueless movie based on sex differences

Author : AIMEE, YOVIA

Conversations are important in our daily lives. There are conversations that happen in formal situation and also informal situation. Slang involvement in a conversation is one mark that the conversation happens in informal situation. Therefore, slang often occurs in casual conversations. We can find slang mostly in teenagers? daily conversations. As we know that slang is the highly used language of the youth. The problems may come from sex differences. Many statements and theories claim that men and women have differences in conversation. It is being claimed that slang often created and used the slang. Therefore, the writer follows some step in order to get the answer of the statement of the problems. First of all, the writer gets the source of data, Clueless Movie transcript and segmenting the conversation into fragments which each of them contains one topic. This way makes the writer observe the slang words or phrases easier. Then the writer identifies the slang words or phrases in the script which are used by both male and female. The writer also interprets those slangs? meanings and then makes a comparison between slangs which are produced by male and female. Both male and female have a high frequency in using slang. Another finding is that male and female have the same purpose in using this language. They tend to use slang to look different and also increase their intimacy and solidarity.

Keyword : english language, slang, sex differences

Sumber : http://repository.petra.ac.id/2120/

Cohesive devices in mini advertisements in The Jakarta Post and The Asian Wall Street Journal

Author : , CHRISTINE

The idea of this study is to compare the English newspaper that is published from Indonesia, The Jakarta Post (JP), with the one that is published from outside, The Asian Wall Street Journal (AJ). In this study, the writer wants to find out the cohesive devices that are mostly used by the two newspapers, and the similarities and differences from comparing the two newspapers. For the analysis, the writer uses the theory of cohesive devices by Halliday and Hasan. In collecting the data, the writer chose twenty mini advertisements from both sources. Before analyzing the cohesive devices, first the writer divided the mini advertisements into sentences, and then she also writes the abbreviation into sentence. In order to make the sentences grammatic ally correct, she symbolizes the agent or the doer of the action as (X) and the readers as (Y). After that, the writer starts to count the amount of cohesive devices to make it easier to find out the mostly used cohesive devices. After analyzing the cohesive devices, then the writer begins to analyze the similarities and the differences from comparing the two sources. In the conclusion, she finds that ellipsis is the types of cohesive devices that are mostly used in the mini advertisements in both sources. The main similarity is that both sources do not use substitution, while the main difference is that AJ do not use reference whereas there are three references in JP. In my opinion, mini advertisements are needed in the study of English reading to grow the understanding of English language since the language of mini advertisements are in incomplete sentences. If students can understand what is presented in the mini advertisements, it means those students have acquired the good understanding of English. On the contrary, if they do not understand, their understanding is still limited.

Keyword : english newspapers, cohesive devices, english language, mini advertisements

Sumber : http://repository.petra.ac.id/4861/

Perancangan dan pembuatan program untuk pengecekan validasi argumen berbahasa Inggris dengan menggunakan logika matematika

Author : KURNIAWATI, ELLEN

Seringkali manusia mengalami kesulitan untuk memutuskan apakah sejumlah argumen yang dihadapkan kepadanya, baik secara tertulis maupun lisan masuk akal atau tidak. Hal ini disebabkan oleh kesukaran dalam menghubungkan logika-logika yang terkandung dalam argumen tersebut. Beranjak dari permasalahan diatas, dibuat sebuah program untuk pengecekan validasi dengan input satu argumen berbahasa Inggris. Dalam program ini terdapat fasilitas untuk meng-input-kan argumen, melakukan pengecekan validasi yaitu dengan menggunkan tabel kebenaran dalam logika matematika, meng-input-kan verb (kata kerja) baru, dan menampilkan kata yang merupakan konektif dalam logika matematika pada argumen yang di-input-kan. Program ini dibuat dengan bahasa pemrograman Borland Delphi 7.0 dan database-nya dengan Microsoft Access 2003. Diharapkan di kemudian hari program ini dapat menjadi cikal bakal untuk program pengecekan validasi argumen yang lebih rumit, misalnya yang dapat menerima input lebih dari satu argumen. Dari hasil pengujian dapat disimpulkan bahwa program dapat melakukan translasi argumen dari bentuk teks ke dalam bentuk sentencial calculus, menghitung sentencial calculus dengan tabel kebenaran, dan menghasilkan validasi argumen dengan baik apabila argumen yang di-input-kan tidak menyalahi batasan-batasan yang sudah ditetapkan sebelumnya pada ruang lingkup.

Keyword : argument, validity checking, sentencial calculus, mathematic logic, english language

Sumber : http://repository.petra.ac.id/1475/

Errors in tenses produced by students of writing ic class of Petra Christian University in their journals

Author : JONATA, DINA

One of the keys to English skills mastery is the mastery of the English grammar. Grammar in English is often associated to English tenses for the tenses deal very much with the form and meaning of English sentences. Therefore, the writer tries to find out the errors in the application of tense rules. Tense rule is used primarily to mark the time when the sentences refer to, by using different forms of verbs. The writer intends to find out the errors in the use of tense rules in the journals of first writing class students. And then she determines the types of tenses errors which are often made by the students of first writing class in their journals. The theories of Dulay, Ellis and Corder are used in this study to clarify the errors. The theory of error analysis by Ellis is used as the main theory to do the analysis. The underlying theory of English tenses is taken from Maclin. After the writer identified all the errors and listed them as the data; she could find the errors in Simple Present Tense, Present Continuous Tense, Present Perfect Tense, Present Perfect Continuous Tense, Simple Past Tense, Past Continuous Tense, Past Perfect Tense, Past Perfect Continuous Tense, Future and Future Time in the Past from the journals. The writer finds that the most frequent type of error that the students often made is Haphazard Substitutions type. This means that the students still make errors in the function of different forms of tenses.

Keyword : english language, errors of usage, grammar, writing, tenses

Sumber : http://repository.petra.ac.id/2171/

The Study of Deixis in ten stories taken from the book of A 2nd Helping of Chicken Soup For The Soul

Author : MELIANI, AGUSTINA

In studying English, we may not be familiar with the term deixis since it is becoming the part of a language. In studying deixis, it may leads us to the confusion because deixis is a two sides of reference. It may refers to person, place and time. For example, when we utter: “Hey you, come herel”, the person deixis you and place deixis here may confuse us since we do not know whom it refers to and where the exact place is. That is why the writer wants to analyze the deixis that appear in a written language. The writer is interested in analyzing the deixis in ten stories taken from the book of A 2nd Helping of Chicken Soup for The Soul. For the theory, she uses Levinson’s theory for collecting the data, and there are other theories taken from other researchers such as Lyons, Hurford and Heasley, Dillon and so on used in this study. In her analysis, she found out that person deixis is mostly used in the whole stories and successively it is followed by place deixis and time deixis. From this study, the writer finds out that the use of deixis may not lead us to confusion if we know the exact references mentioned by the speaker.

Keyword : deixis, english language

Sumber : http://repository.petra.ac.id/4870/

A Study of grammatical functions of the word “have” in sentences at English Department students of Petra Christian University Surabaya

Author : HARIYANTO, YULIANA

This thesis investigates the grammatical functions of the word “have” in sentences done by Faculty of Letters Students of Petra Christian University Surabaya. The writer interested to investigate grammatical functions of the word “have” because it has several forms with different functions. Related to that reason, not many students understand well about those functions. The significance of this research is to give inputs to the readers, especially the students to get a better understanding about all functions of the word “have” and its errors in using this word. The writer uses A. J. Thomson and A. V. Martinet, in their book “A Practical English Grammar”, as her review of literature. In this part, the writer explains about the basic meaning of the word “have”, the forms in the present, past and future tenses and the other functions of the word “have”. In order to categorize the kinds of error in using the functions of the word “have” in sentences, the writer uses the sixth semester students of Faculty of Letters of Petra Christian University Surabaya as the subjects of this thesis. The subjects are taken randomly without considering their sex, but should be in the sixth semester. To collect the data, the writer uses tests, which are distributed to the subjects individually, not in groups. This thesis focuses on the ability of Faculty of Letters students to produce all the functions of the word “have” well in sentences. This goal is described into to part whether the students can or cannot produce all the functions of the word “have” well in sentences. The explanations will be in the form of description and percentage. The writer also divides the errors into two parts: functions of the word “have” errors and tenses errors. After that, the writer will conclude the kinds of function of the word “have” which can be produced well and cannot be produced well by the students.

Keyword : english language, grammar

Sumber : http://repository.petra.ac.id/2016/

A Morphological study of derivations in time magazine’s articles

Author : NAOMI, ELITA

Derivation is a process resulting in meaning and/or category changes through the addition of derivational affixes. It is commonly applied for forming various new words which are likely to be straightforward. The process is taken as the object of investigation in the study since the writer was curious about the phenomena resulted from it. To get the answer of the phenomena, the writer decided to take three articles in Time magazine as the source of the data. In her study, the writer used three main theories to do the analysis. The theory of Bauer was used to analyze phonological changes. The theory of Quirk, et al. was applied to discuss types of derivations, and the theory of O?Grady et al. to explain structures of derived words. The writer did the research by reading the text, identifying derivations through the existing words, and numbering each line where the derived words occur. From the data collection, the writer described types of derivations, types of structures of derived words as well as their phonological changes. The findings show that there are three types of derivations, namely derivational prefixation, derivational suffixation, and multiple derivations. Relating to the types of derivations, there are also found 14 structures of derived words: 3 structures relating to derivational prefixation, 4 structures relating to derivational suffixation, and 7 structures concerning multiple derivations. Furthermore, the application of derivation brings several phonological changes, both in stress and sound. Generally derivational prefixation only brings the changes in stress positions while derivational suffixation tends to change stress and/or sound. Sometimes, however, derivational processes also do not make any phonological changes. In conclusion, it can be stated that derivation does change not only meaning and/or category but also phonological properties; indeed, the structures of derived words can be various in numbers depending on the categories of the bases and the types as well as the numbers of affixes attached to the bases.

Keyword : english language, grammar, derivation. derived words, morphology

Sumber : http://repository.petra.ac.id/2181/

A Study of topical strategies and topic shift markers in teaching english to children in friendships english course in Surabaya

Author : SETIAWATI, HENY

In teaching, the teacher tends to talk about one topic and then shift and develop it into many new topics or subtopics and sometimes use markers to mark the shift. The writer is interested in analyzing topic shift and topic shift markers because she wanted to know what types of topical strategies and topic shift markers that are mostly used by the teacher in teaching English as a foreign language to the children. The writer chooses a teacher who is teaching the children because the writer consider that, as a teacher he or she should be aware in teaching the children while children need more time in acquiring the foreign language than the adult. This research might help people understand the use of topical strategies and topic shift markers in teaching the children in order to prevent misunderstanding or message misinterpretation. The writer employed descriptive approach in this study. The data were obtained through recording the subjects while the teachers were teaching the students for an hour in every meeting. In analyzing the data, the writer firstly transcribed the collected data into written form. Secondly, she identified the topical strategies and topic shift markers that are used by the teacher in teaching English to children. Then, she applied Stenstrom?s theory about topical strategies (1994) and Schiffrin?s theory about discourse markers (1991) in the analysis. After a thorough analysis, the writer found that in teaching English to the children, the teacher used all the topical strategies that are introduced by Stenstorm. Furthermore, not all topic shift markers that are introduced by Schiffrin were used by the teacher for example like “and, but, or”, “well”, “Y?know/I mean”. The teacher tends to use other markers like “come on” and called the name of the students in order to give some order that the students have to do. In this analysis, the writer analyzed the number of occurrence of topical strategies and topic shift markers that mostly used by the teacher. From the analysis, it could be noticed that the teacher mostly used the topical strategy of introducing a topic and then followed by others like shifting, terminating, digressing, resuming, changing and drifting. The strategy of introducing a topic was mostly occurred in teaching the children, it happened because the teacher controlled over the class conditions so he or she had to introduce many topics to the students. Actually, the writer also found the occurrence numbers of topic shift markers that were used by the teachers in teaching the children. They were “question”, “pause”, “alright”, “now”, “eh”, “oh”, “oya”, “come on”, and “so”. Question was mostly occurred in shifting the topic from one topic into another one. It usually happen when the teacher wanted to introduced a new topic to the children in the class of foreign language.

Keyword : english language, study and teaching, english course

Sumber : http://repository.petra.ac.id/2033/