Evaluasi kinerja inelastik struktur rangka beton bertulang terhadap gempa dua arah

Author : HIDAYAT, CHONDRO

Analisis statik non- linier pushover merupakan analisis non-linier yang cukup sederhana, namun diharapkan dapat meramalkan perilaku seismik struktur secara akurat. Studi ini mempelajari tingkat keakuratan analisis pushover dalam meramalkan perilaku seismik struktur rangka beton bertulang simetris secara 3 dimensi bila terjadi gempa dua arah, karena pada kenyataannya sebagian besar gempa yang terjadi memiliki dua komponen arah yang saling tegak lurus dan tidak dapat diramalkan arah terjadinya. Makalah ini memberikan gambaran pemeriksaan kinerja struktur bangunan 6 dan 10 tingkat, yang dianalisa dengan analisis pushover dan analisis riwayat waktu sebagai pembandingnya. Beban gempa yang dipakai dalam analisis riwayat waktu adalah gempa El Centro 18 Mei 1940 komponen North – South dan komponen East – West yang dimodifikasi sesuai dengan konsep ke-5 SNI 1726-2002 dengan periode ulang 27, 67, 135, 260, 500 dan 1050 tahun. Perbandingan besar kedua gempa modifikasi yang saling tegak lurus tersebut adalah sama dengan perbandingan besar peak ground acceleration dari kedua gempa asli tersebut, yakni 0.615. Pembebanan gempa modifikasi dilakukan dalam arah sudut pembebanan 0 o , 22.5 o dan 45 o , berlawanan arah jarum jam terhadap sumbu global bangunan. Data output yang digunakan dalam membandingkan kedua analisis di atas adalah kurva kapasitas, posisi sendi plastis, simpangan antar tingkat dan evaluasi tingkat kinerja struktur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa analisis pushover masih bisa diandalkan untuk meramalkan perilaku inelastik struktur rangka beton bertulang yang simetris akibat pembebanan gempa dua arah yang ditinjau secara tiga dimensi.

Keyword : non- linear, static, pushover analysis, dynamic time history, analysis, earthquake, symmetrical, reinforced, concrete, frame, structure

Sumber : http://repository.petra.ac.id/4606/

Opening and closing used by the pager operators and message senders

Author : MARLIANA, ESTHER

This study analyzed the language used by the pager operators and the message senders in opening and closing the conversation. The conversation happened because the message senders wanted to deliver the message to the owner of pager machine through the operators. The writer developed her idea into two main parts: the classification of each Opening and Closing sequences and signals from the three companies and identification of the most frequenly used pattern of Opening and Closing used by pager operators and message senders small tape-recorder was used to record the respondents? conversation and also interviewing the officer who is in charged to control the operator?s work. The data were taken from three pager-operating companies in Surabaya in a form of Indonesian language and about ten conversations for each company. Furthermore, in analyzing the data, the basic theory, which the writer used, was Schegloff Telephone Conversation Theory (1968) especially about Opening and Closing signals theory. In the analysis, the writer will transcribe the data first, then identify and classify the opening and closing based on the theory she used and the company they belong to. Next, she will identify the pattern of opening and closing which mostly used in the conversation. At the end, to simplify the reader in understanding the finding, she put the findings into some Pie charts mostly applied a form of Finally, this study found that in the opening signals those three companies. “S-I + Greeting” in answering the summons, used Company?s name or operators? ID number to identify themselves and operators always greet first rather than the message senders in a Greeting part. In addition, for the closing signals result, the writer found that it was the operator who did the pre- close first by uttering the utterance to deliver the message or just repeating the message. Moreover, in a closing part, those three companies utilized thanking adjacency pair most to close the conversation and the rest could be in the form of Greeting or both.

Keyword : linguistic, discourse, analysis, operator, pager

Analisa perencanaan anggaran dengan metode data envelopment analysis

Author : G.A., I

Dalam Tugas Akhir ini dilakukan pengukuran efisiensi yang digunakan untuk pengalokasian anggaran di beberapa jurusan, antara lain Teknik A,Teknik B, Teknik C dan Teknik D dengan menggunakan metode Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Analisa efisiensi ini mempertimbangkan faktor input (yaitu penerimaan dari mahasiswa, jumlah mahasiswa, dan jumlah dosen) serta faktor output (meliputi pengeluaran jurusan, realisasi kegiatan, realisasi anggaran, target jurusan, IPK rata-rata jurusan, dan kelulusan rata-rata mata kuliah) dari setiap jurusan yang akan dievaluasi. Tujuan dari pengukuran efisiensi ini untuk menentukan alokasi anggaran dari empat jurusan tersebut di atas, sehingga diharapkan anggaran yang diterima oleh masing-masing jurusan dapat terealisasi sesuai dengan rencana anggaran pada periode tertentu dan tetap dapat mencapai efisiensi maksimum yaitu efisiensi bernilaisatu(100%). Dari hasil pengukuran efisiensi diperoleh suatu alokasi anggaran dalam dua bentuk, yaitu pertama dalam kisaran batas bawah dan batas atas (dalam bentuk interval), dan kedua dalam nilai alokasi anggaran tunggal untuk setiap jurusan.

Keyword : analysis

Sumber : http://repository.petra.ac.id/1944/

An Analysis of the Indonesian translation of the book entitled “40 Tokoh Alkitab” from the original version

Author : LOVIS, EVI

This thesis is about an analysis of the Indonesian translation from an English book, entitled “The New Kid?s Book of Bible People”. The writer wants to know what errors occur in the target language. In doing the analysis, the writer uses the theory of Nida and the research done by Djajanegara. The writer uses the theory of Nida in order to know the criteria of a good translation and the writer adopts the methodology of Djajanegara. By using Djajanegara?s methodology, the writer can answer the research questions about what errors that occur in the target language. Djajanegara also used the theory of Nida in doing his research. In collecting the data, the writer takes from the whole forty chapters of the book entitled “40 Tokoh Alkitab”. Then, the data is divided into four groups, which have syntax errors, lexical errors, punctuation errors, and spelling errors. Based on these groups, the writer counts the total of the errors that cause the translation inaccurate. Then, the writer finds that the biggest error that mostly causes inaccurate translation is lexical errors. Next are spelling errors and then punctuation errors. The least number of errors are syntax errors. In conclusion, the writer finds that lexical errors dealt with the word choice that usually causes change in meaning.

Keyword : analysis, translation, errors

Sumber : http://repository.petra.ac.id/5012/

A Pragmatic analysis on a collection of Indonesian Humors entitled Buku Pintar Ketawa Lagi.

Author : , MEILIAWATI

Reading humor is enjoyable as long as we can catch the amusing part. Meaning is inadequate to make us understand but we should concern on context and communication between the speaker and interlocutor as well. Those three can be learned in the study of Pragmatics. Furthermore, the writer chooses Indonesian humors of two-liner and short-text in which the two-way communication exists. Due to the interest of analyzing the Indonesian humors pragmatically, she conducts this research. In this thesis, she wants to answer two basic questions: how the Indonesian humors are pragmatically analyzed and how they are pragmatically classified. of pragmatics as the main theories. In the theory of pragmatics, the idea of world knowledge has already been explained to help her understand the context and the idea of inference to help her grasp the amusing part. Moreover, those theories are supported by the theory of speech act to see the speaker?s intended meaning and the theory of conversational implicature to see how participants observe the Cooperative Principle and to find what implicature they might generate. In this study, she takes 48 two-liner and short-text humors from a humor book entitled Buku Pintar Ketwa Lagi She uses a qualitative approach; especially documentary analyses to find out how the amusing approach occurs and the meanings people have given to particular utterances. Moreover, she sees the humorous text as a process rather than as a product. Next, she collects the data based on the category of the participants. There are nineteen categories in which three of them (animal, magician, and fortune-teller) are excluded for this study. Dirty jokes, too long humors, and one-participant humors are excluded as well. After analyzing the data, this study leads to the findings that in most humors people commonly uses the type of directives as expressing their intended meaning (the illocutionary act). Besides, most of them disobeyed the Cooperative Principle. Violating maxims arose at the highest rank of the non-observance of maxims. The maxim of quality and manner are mostly violated. In contrast, none carries out the suspension of a maxim. Finally, the findings lead to the conclusion that violating maxims – that is normally believed to rarely occur in daily communication for people are afraid to trick or make others feel offended-is created intentionally to cause humor.

Keyword : linguistic, discourse, analysis

Illocutionary acts produced by fran fine and Maxwell Sheffield in the Nanny

Author : ANGGRAINI, SAVITRI

This study is conducted to reveal the use of illocutionary acts by Fran Fine and Maxwell Sheffield, also to find the most frequent types used by them in the comedy The Nanny. The basic theory used is Semantics by Hurford and Heasley that divide illocutionary acts into twenty-five types, supported by the theory by Janet Dean Fodor and Adrian Akmajian, Richard Demers, Ann K Falmer, and Robert Harnit. In addition, the writer includes the related study by Debby. The approach of the study is qualitative-descriptive, meaning that the writer studies the words, phrases, and sentences that are spoken by the characters. After analyzing the data, the writer found out that there are sixteen types of illocutionary acts used by Fran Fine, fifteen types of illocutionary acts used by Maxwell Sheffield, and eighteen types of illocutionary acts used by them. Moreover, the types of illocution that is used the most often is admitting, then the second most is the complaining, the third most used is protesting.

Keyword : english, language, discourse, analysis, social, linguistics, sociolinguistics

Sumber : http://repository.petra.ac.id/2191/

Topic shift and topic shift markers used by male and female students of Petra Christian University in chatting at the boarding house

Author : WULANDARI, ARINI

Conversation is a routine activity which occurs in formal and informal situation, such as chatting. In chatting, the participants tend to talk about one topic and then shift and develop it into many new topics or sub-topics and sometimes use markers to mark the shift. The writer interested in analyzing topic shift and topic shift markers because she wanted to know what types of topic shift and topic shift markers that mostly occurred and also the characteristics of male and female students of PCU in applying them. This research might help people in understanding the differences of males and females in applying topical strategies and topic shift markers in chatting in order to prevent misunderstanding or message misinterpretation. The writer employed qualitative approach in this study. The data were obtained through recording the subjects while they were chatting for half an hour for each sex-group. In analyzing the data, the writer firstly transcribed the collected data into written form. Secondly, she identified the topic shift and topic shift markers used by each sex-group. Then, she applied Stenstrom?s theory about topical strategies (1994) and Schiffrin?s theory about discourse markers (1991) in the analysis. After a thorough analysis, the writer found that there were many similarities and differences between male and female students in terms of the topical strategies and topic shift markers that were mostly used by them, the number of occurrences, and also the use of topical strategies and topic shift markers. From the differences, it could be noticed that male students tended to jump form one topic to another and change the topic abruptly, while female students inclined to make link with the previous speaker?s contribution and then talked on a topic which was still related with the previous or current topic. In other word, female students tended to develop the topic progressively and shift the topic gradually. Moreover, male students inclined to interrupt the other participants and overturn previous speaker?s contributions and to make their own point as forcibly as possible or changed and introduced a topic suddenly while female students inclined to add other?s contribution and developed one topic into many sub-topics rather than demolish it.

Keyword : discourse, analysis, student, chatting, petra christian university

A study of code switching in video jockeys’ utterances on Anteve program “MTV Land”

Author : RAZAK, YULIA

Nowadays, it is usual that people use more than one language in communicating with others and they tend to switch the language even in a television program. In this case, the writer is interested in analyzing the code switching in the Video Jockeys? utterances on “MTV Land”. This music program has provided code-switching. Therefore, this study analyzes the language used, the reasons, and the types of code-switching in the subjects? utterances. The data were obtained through recording the five episodes of the program. Then, the data were analyzed and classified according to Hudson?s, Wardhaugh?s and Gumperz theories of the code switching. The findings show that the Video Jockeys used E-J code switching more frequently than E-I code switching. Besides, the writer found that there were four functions of code switching on that program. Finally, it is found that Conversational Code Switching is used more frequently since the Video Jockeys only entertained the audience in informal way.

Keyword : discourse, analysis, english, language, social, sosiolinguistic, video, jockeys, anteve, mtv, land

Sumber : http://repository.petra.ac.id/2246/

Analisis biaya dengan menggunakan analisis value chain cost driver sebagai alat pengendali biaya dalam rangka menciptakan competitive advantage PT. “X” di Malang

Author : OCTAVIA, FELIANA

Dalam lingkungan kompetisi bisnis yang semakin ketat sangat sulit ditemukan suatu badan usaha yang terus-menerus bertahan di posisi atas. Ketatnya persaingan dan dalam menghadapi perdagangan bebas nanti membuat setiap badan usaha berusaha mengikuti perubahan dan perkembangan yang terjadi. Ditambah lagi dengan adanya krisis ekonomi yang terjadi di Indonesia, hal ini menyebabkan Semua badan usaha mengalami kesulitan untuk dapat survive atau bertahan hidup. Oleh karena itu suatu badan usaha harus mampu mencapai efisiensi biaya dan menghasilkan produk dengan kualitas yang baik. PT “X” adalah badan usaha yang bergerak dalam bidang pembuatan keramik dengan berbagai macam model seperti piring, gelas, potry dan yang utama adalah vas bunga. Selma ini PT “X” dalam menganalisis biaya berdasarkan pada biaya tetap, biaya variabel dan biaya manufaktur, sedangkan pengevaluasian kinerja hanya dilakukan dengan membandingkan penerimaan dan pengelwan saja Pengalokasian biaya tersebut belum dapat memberikan informasi mengenai competitive advantage badan usaha. Dalam penelitian ini peneliti akan menganalisis biaya dengan menggunakan analisis value chain yaitu dengan mengelompokkan biaya-biaya dan aktiva tetap di sepanjang jalur value chain berdasarkan pada aktivitas nilai, dimana biaya-biaya ditetapkan pada aktivitas-aktivitas yang memerlukannya, sedangkan aktiva tetap ditetapkan pada aktivitas yang menggunakannya dan ditetapkan berdasarkan nilai buku. Setelah itu diterapkan analisis cost driver secara kualitatif sebagai alat pengendali biaya. Dengan menerapkan analisis value chain dan analisis cost driver secara tepat diharapkan PT `”X ” dapat menekan biaya-biaya yang dikeluarkan dan meniadakan biaya yang tidak memberikan nilai tambah.

Keyword : value, analysis, cost, control, accounting, competitive advantage

Conversation openings used by male and female students of Petra Christian University

Author : NILO, PENDING

This study investigates ways of conversation opening of male and female students of Petra Christian University and the influence of gender on the choice of way of conversation opening. In order to categorize the types of ways of conversation opening, the writer uses Sacks’ classification which includes Question/Request Information, Greetings, Challenges, Offers, Address another person, Compliments, Invitation, Announcement, and Stereotyped Expression or Topic, and so on. The subjects of this study are 30 male and 30 female students of Petra Christian University and taken randomly without considering their social background, but only their sexes. To collect the data, the writer records the natural conversation in daily interaction. From the analysis, the writer finds that both male and female students almost use all types of way of conversation opening classified by Sacks, but there are differences in term of frequency of each type of way of conversation opening used by male and female. Moreover, there is one type which is used by male, but not by female, that is, challenge. And there are two types which are not used by both male and female students, namely, greeting, and announcement. Meanwhile, the gender differences of the subjects influences the choice of way of conversation opening. In this case, to open conversation, male students have more tendency to maintain social relationship than female students, and show macho connotations of masculinity and toughness, while female students tend to involve personal styles which usually include personal feeling.

Keyword : discourse, analysis, linguistics, sociolinguistics, conversation, student

Sumber : http://repository.petra.ac.id/2298/